A+Canada,+the+United+States,+and+the+World+1970+-+2000

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=Canada, the United States, and the World 1970-2000=

//By: Hirdapaul Dhillon, Sahil Gupta, and Kimberly Lu//

Introduction to the international stage in relation to Canada and the U.S.A from 1970-2000
Between 1970-2000 the world experienced a very wholesome variety of significant political and social events, as well as small conflicts, which soon evolved into large-scale international warfare. During these years, [|Canada] and the [|United States] were often involved in international conflicts (they were either a part of the conflict or involved in providing aid and peacekeeping) or political events.

Canada and the United States were in constant activity with one another and the world; the [|Prime Ministers of Canada]and [|the Presidents of the United States] experienced many ups and downs in terms of their relations.

Being "close" neighbors and having no other country on the continent, except [|Mexico], Canada and the States increased their cross-border trade by joining economic links to form the [|FTA]. Soon after the signing of the FTA, Mexico decided to join economic links as well, thus fomed the [|NAFTA]. While things at home, in Canada, were booming and the population was significantly increasing the [|Cold War] conflict and many other international large-scale conflicts called for [|peacekeeping], which Canada was renowned around the world for.

-Trudeau and Nixon -Trudeau and Carter -Mulroney and Reagon -Mulroney and Bush Senior -Chrétien and Clinton -Chrétien and Bush II
 * ==__Contents__==
 * 1) [|The Presidents and the Prime Ministers: How did they get along]?**

- How closely should the Canadian and American economies be tied together?
 * 2) Free Trade: The FTA and NAFTA:**

- End of the Cold War
 * 3) The End of the Cold War: [|Canada's Military Role]:**

- Describe Canada's Role as a Peacekeeper - What missions did Canada take part in? Were they successful - History of Canadian Peacekeeping
 * 4) Canadian Peacekeeping:**


 * 5) Canada, United States, and the World 1970-2000 Conclusion**


 * 6) Powerpoint of Canada, US, the world 1970-2000**


 * 7) External Links** ||

1) The Presidents and the Prime Ministers: How did they get along?
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Trudeau and Nixon
The relationship between [|Pierre Elliot Trudeau] and [|Richard Nixon] was not very friendly as they did not get along. During an interview with the [|National Press club in Ottawa], Trudeau said that living next to the Unites States “is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly or temperate, the best one is affected by every twitch and grunt”. Nixon had disrespected Trudeau with name-calling and Trudeau responded with “I’ve been called worse things by better people”. Nixon then told [|Haldeman], his chief of stag, “That Trudeau, he’s a clever son of a b”. However, after that argument Nixon asks his Secretary of State, [|Henry Kissinger], “What in Christ was he talking about?” After a visit with Trudeau, Nixon calls Trudeau “a pompous egghead” to show his frustration with the Prime Minister. Nixon ordered Haldeman to plant a negative story about Trudeau with [|Jack Anderson] as the columnist. He also gives a speech in the [|House of Commons] saying, “While we do have a wall between us, we have a great unguarded boundary. This does not mean that we are the same. This does not mean we do not have differences. But it means we have found a way to discuss differences in a friendly way without war.”

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[[image:trudeau_p.jpg width="122" height="97" align="right"]][[image:jimmy-carter.jpg width="87" height="96" align="right"]]
The relationship between Pierre Trudeau and [|Jimmy Carter] was good as they did get along with each other. But since they were never in office at same time and that they were busy with certain issues they could not spend a lot of time with each other nor could they help each other. They were not very close for they both had problems and issues of their own to deal within their own nation.

[[image:reagan.jpg width="120" height="115" align="right"]]
The relationship between Pierre Trudeau and [|Ronald Reagan] was not good; they did not get along with each other. Trudeau did not agree with Reagan’s anti-Soviet views. The United States was furious with Canada when the [|national energy policy] was introduced; United States feared that it would threaten the States’ energy security. Trudeau was upset with Washington’s convection that the west could win a [|nuclear war] along with the acid rain that was harming the lakes and forests. The US promised to negotiate a bilateral agreement on acid rain, however Reagan failed to carry out his agreement. Trudeau stated that the US is an “unacceptable breach of US commitments”. Trudeau launched a peace initiative to place a ban on nuclear tests and high altitude weapons test, etc. The US was angry because Canada did not consult with them in advance.

Mulroney and Reagan
[|Brian Mulroney] and Ronald Reagan did get along with each other and their relationship proved to be very strong. When Reagan came to visit Canada, Mulroney and him got up on stage together and sang a verse together. President Reagan spoke about Canada in an interview; proclaiming Canada’s importance to the Unities states: “No other country in the world is more important to the Unites States than Canada and we are blessed to have such a nation on our northern border. Canada is a friend, a neighbor and a trusted ally.”

[[image:11_reagan.jpg width="216" height="161" align="left"]]
//When Irish eyes are// //smiling, Sure, 'tis like the morn in Spring.// //In the lilt of Irish laughter You can hear the angels sing.// This is the verse that Mulroney and Reagan sang together.

Mulroney and Bush Senior
[|President George Bush] and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney did get along with each other. Bush and his wife attended Mulroney’s daughters' wedding. Mulroney insisted that having a close relationship with any US president is essential in order to have the US president on side with Canadian objectives. It has been said that Mulroney had such a close relationship with Bush and Reagan that he could have [|concessions] for Canada in an instant.

[|Jean Chrétien] and [|Bill Clinton] did get along with each other. Chrétien had unscheduled visits with Clinton to have a drink. Their wives also had a relationship with one another; they had gone skating with each other. Chrétien had once proclaimed “When we’re alone I call him Bill. For Chrétien to have a friendly relationship with the United States President is a change of heart because he had once vowed that he was not going to follow in the same footsteps as previous Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and become friends with a US president. Chrétien and Clinton took steps and helped each other domestically as Clinton offered several remarks on the[|Quebec issue], to keep Quebec in [|confederation]. They were also great golfing buddies.

Chrétien and Bush II
The relationship between Jean Chrétien and [|George Bush] was not very friendly; they did not get along very well. Chrétien said that the US provoked 9/11 on themselves because of their “wealth, greed and power”. One of Chrétien’s senor aids has once called Bush a “moron”. Chrétien’s nephew, an ambassador to Washington, made it clear that his liberal government preferred democrat Al Gore to Bush. White House officials have reportedly referred to Chrétien as a “Dino”. Along with this, Bush made his infamous speech to the [|US congress] thanking all countries around the world for standing with the United States and its fight against terror after the attack on the [|world trade center] and the [|pentagon], except for Canada. Chrétien had his top aid respond to the speech. His aid said, “If it is anything, it is an indication that our support goes without saying.

**How closely should the Canadian and American economies be tied together?**
Canada should form a coalition to negotiate a more balanced multilateral trade deal where the U.S. doesn't hold all the cards and change the rules in its narrow self-interest.

Canada’s and US relationship must be the central theme in our [|foreign policy]. If it were not for that relationship, we would be even more marginalized internationally than we are now. US investment has had a long history in Canada, with disadvantages and advantages. It brought in money, to develop industries, and for resources. But on the other hand, increasing US investment had meant that Canada was in danger of becoming a [|branch plant economy].

The Free Trade Agreement was a trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on January 2, 1988. The agreement, finalized by October 1987, removed several trade restrictions in stages over a ten-year period, and resulted in a great increase in cross-border trade.

A few years later, it was superseded by the North American Free Trade Agreement, which included Mexico as well. So in my opinion I think that Canada should not be that closely tied with US.

3) The End of the Cold War: Canada’s Military Role
--- To defend North America against a possible enemy attack, Canada and the United States joined in the 1950s and formed the [|North American Aerospace Defense Command] (NORAD), a joint air-defence system, and the [|Distant Early Warning Line] (Dew Line), to give warning of Soviet bombers heading over the pole. --- After much debate [|John Diefenbaker] agreed to accept U.S. nuclear weapons and to buy the [|BOMARC missile system] from the Americans. --- However, when Lester B. Pearson became Prime Minister he accepted the warheads to make the BOMARC missile system effective. --- Canada continued surveillance of [|Communists] and sharing of intelligence with the US. --- Canada played a middle power role in international affairs, and pursued diplomatic and sometimes economic relations with Communist countries, such as [|Cuba] and [|China] after their revolutions.

End of the Cold War
When the Cold War ended, Canada was delighted because they were finally able to withdraw their forces from their [|NATO] commitments in [|Germany], cut military spending, remove the air raid sirens in Ottawa, and turn the Diefenbunker into a tourist attraction.

However, Canada continues to participate in Cold War institutions such as NORAD and NATO, but they have been given new missions and priorities.

Canada’s Military Role towards the end of the Cold War
--- In addition, Canada may have played a small role in helping to bring about [|glasnost] and [|perestroika]. In the mid-1970s, [|Alexander Yakovlev] was appointed as ambassador to Canada when he accompanied [|Mikhail Gorbachev], to tour Canadian farms and agricultural institutions in the hopes of taking lessons that could be applied in the [|Soviet Union]. In the end, Yakovlev returned to Moscow, and would eventually be th e intellectual force behind Gorbachev's reform program. --- Also by the end of the cold war, Canada refused to join the [|Organization of American States], disliking the support and tolerance of the Cold War OAS for dictators. --- Under Pearson’s successor Pierre Trudeau, US-Canadian policies grew further apart. Trudeau removed nuclear weapons from Canadian soil, formally recognized the [|People's Republic of China], established a personal friendship with [|Castro], and decreased the number of Canadian troops stationed at NATO bases in Europe.

[[image:hirdapaul2.jpg width="242" height="232" align="left"]]
The Canadian government has maintained its multilateral approach to international politics over the decades. Known as a ‘[|Middle Power],’ the government has created the Canadian image as a moral force in the world and a diplomatic go-between; Canada’s leaders have determinedly supported the [|United Nations] as the legitimate, international governing body.

The [|Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade] (DFAIT) has established a $10 million per year Human Security Program, which is designed to focus on a set of global issues that are seen to ‘impend’ conflict and insecurity (e.g. poverty, land mines, diamonds, drug trafficking, etc.).

This program is a complete contrast to traditional ideas about national, state-centered security and defence, as the Canadian government comes under criticism from those who feel that defending Canada’s ‘sovereignty and territorial integrity’ should be the primary concern.

[[image:hirdapaul3.jpg width="283" height="202" align="right"]]

 * 1956**: Arab-Israeli war.


 * 1956–1967:** Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal. Israel, France and United Kingdom intervene.


 * 1958**: Violent conflict in Lebanon over proposed constitutional changes.


 * 1960–1964**: Newly independent Congo faces mutiny by armed forces, Belgian military intervention and increasing disorder.


 * 1962–1963:** Dispute between Indonesia and Netherlands over West Irian.


 * 1963–1964:** Egypt and Saudi Arabia support opposing forces in Yemen’s civil war.


 * 1973–1979:** Egyptian and Syrian forces attack on Israeli positions.[[image:hirdapaul4.jpg align="right"]]


 * 1978–Present:** Israel invades southern Lebanon


 * 1988–1991:** Iran and Iraq War


 * 1989–1991:** Withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola


 * 1991–Present:** Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait


 * 1991–1995:** Angolan Government and (UNITA) end 16 years of civil war.


 * 1991–1995:** Government of El Salvador and (FFMLN) end decade-long civil war.


 * 1991–Present:** Allowance of referendum that allows the people of Western Sahara to decide their political future.


 * 2000–Present**: Ethiopia and Eritrea end two years of fighting in a border dispute


 * 2002**: Canadian troops enter conflict in Afghanistan, and wage war on terrorism. Many militant groups are the Taliban and Al Qaeda.


 * To view all the above conflicts, which Canadian Peacekeeping Forces played integral roles in, please use the following links; http://members.shaw.ca/kcic1/peacekeepers2.html and http://www.unac.org/peacekeeping/en/un-peacekeeping/fact-sheets/canadian-participation-in-un-peacekeepinga-chro/**

History of Canadian Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping is an important part of our Canadian heritage, as it reflects our personality and essential beliefs. Canada’s role in peacekeeping today is to respond to major international conflict and then supervise cease-fires between hostile forces, provide the delivery of [|humanitarian aid], distribute refugees, disarm weapons of mass destruction, repair destroyed landscapes and habitat, and support government and human rights, including elections and government systems, and the training of police forces and judiciary.

[[image:hirdapaul5.jpg width="218" height="172" align="right"]]
--- Canada does not only become involved with peacekeeping missions from the United Nations, but from other international and national organizations as well. Canada peace support efforts including: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the [|Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe] (OSCE) and the [|Organization of African Unity] (OAU). --- Since the beginning of the twentieth century, approximately 1.5 million Canadians have been asked to defend peace and freedom throughout the world. This happened during the [|First World War], the [|Second World War], the [|Korean War]. In 1956 the word 'peacekeeping' became popular thanks to Canada's 14th Prime Minister. --- Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs and then later the Canadian Prime Minister. He proposed the development of an international peace force under the United Nations. He was awarded the [|Nobel Peace Prize] in 1957 for his visionary idea. Since that time, there have been over fifty United Nations peacekeeping missions of which Canada has been involved. --- Canada has always been one of the world's most committed peacekeeping nations!

=== 5) Return to the Ameen History Homepage.

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=== 6) Canada, United States, and the World 1970-2000 Conclusion

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From 1970-2000 Canada and the United States heavily embraced world issues and politics and greatly participated in international conflicts. The many Canadian Prime Ministers and American Presidents of this time had an overall fluctuating relationships.

Canada signed very important agreements during this time period as well. The FTA and NAFTA agreements changed the Canadian economy at the time and continues to do so. For the most part, these agreements are positively impacting Canada's economy, however, issues have arisen on the how the cross-border trade is negatively impacting Canadian culture with dominant American influence.

From the 1970s to the present day Canada has been developing and has evolved its image into a "Middle Power" as well as a peace supporting diplomatic go-between, in terms of international conflict. Canada was reknowned around the world for its expertise in peacekeeping operations as it demonstrated these skills in the many conflicts from the 1950s to the late 1990s. Canada is still a strong supporter of peace around the world, thus remains one of the most committed peacekeeping nations.